The Population of Los Angeles, California

The Los Angeles population can be looked at in a variety of ways—it can refer to the population of the City of Los Angeles, the County of Los Angeles, or to the greater Los Angeles metropolitan area, each of which is considered to be L.A. Los Angeles County, for instance, contains  88 cities including the City of Los Angeles, Long Beach, Santa Clarita, Glendale, and Lancaster, as well as several unincorporated communities whose combined population makes it the largest county in the United States in terms of occupancy. The demographics of these populations is also varied and diverse, depending on where in Los Angeles and LA County you look. In total, the population of Los Angeles is about 50 percent white, nine percent African American, 13 percent Asian, about one percent Native American or Pacific Islander, 22 percent from other races, and about 5 percent from two or more races. Population by City, County, and Metro Area The City of Los Angeles is a very large one, it is the nations second-largest city (following New York City). The January  2016 population estimate according to the California Department of Finance for the population of the City of Los Angeles was 4,041,707. The County of Los Angeles is the largest county in the United States based on population, and according to the California Department of Finance, the LA County population as of January 2017 was 10,241,278. LA County is home to 88 cities, and the population of those cities varies from 122 people in Vernon to nearly four million in the City of Los Angeles. The largest cities in LA County are: Los Angeles: 4,041,707Long Beach: 480,173Santa Clarita: 216,350Glendale: 201,748Lancaster: 157,820 The United States Census Bureau estimates the population of the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside, California Combined Statistical Area as of 2011 as 18,081,569. The LA metro population is the countrys second largest, following New York City (New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA). This Combined Statistical Area includes the Metropolitan Statistical Areas of Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, and Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura. Demographics and Population Growth Although most of the population of the Los Angeles metropolitan area is centralized in the City of Los Angeles, its diverse population is spread over 4,850 square miles (or 33,954 square miles for the wider statistical area), with several of the cities serving as gathering spots for specific cultures. For instance, of the 1,400,000 Asians living in Los Angeles,  a majority live in Monterey Park, Walnut, Cerritos, Rosemead, San Gabriel, Rowland Heights, and Arcadia while  the majority of the  844,048 African Americans that live in LA live in View Park-Windsor Hills, Westmont, Inglewood, and Compton. In 2016, Californias population grew but just under one percent, adding a total of over 335,000 residents to the state. While much of this growth was spread across the state, nine counties in northern and eastern California saw a decrease in population, which is a trend thats existed for the better part of the last 10 years. The largest of these growth changes, though, happened in Los Angeles County, which added 42,000 people to its population, increasing it for the first time to over four million residents.

Describe Atkinson And Shiffrin s Multi Store Model Of Memory

Describe Atkinson and Shiffrin’s multi-store model of memory, with reference to the experimental studies which do and do not support it. Memory is defined as being the mental capacity to encode, store and retrieve information. Atkinson and Shiffrin developed the Multi-store memory model in an attempt to explain this phenomenon (figure 1), (Atkinson and Shiffrin,1968). Throughout this essay, the MSM model shall be discussed, and how the concept is far more complex than initially understood. The original simplistic MSM model suggests that information flows in a well-regulated pathway between stores, and interaction between the stores allows retrieval and storage of information. The model consists of three permanent units, sensory memory, short term memory and long term memory. Processes which connect the systems include attention, rehearsal and retrieval (Figure 1). Rehearsal has two main roles according to Atkinson and Shiffrin. This includes acting as a buffer between SM and LTM by maintaining incoming information within the STM and transferring information from STM to LTM. Although the multi-store memory model can be considered to be outdated and over simplistic it has paved the way for psychologists to identify how memory works. Figure 1: The MSM model as designed by Atkinson and Shiffrin, indicating that memory is made up of three separate unit’s sensory store, short term and long term store. Which are connected via rehearsal and retrieval The first stage of MSMShow MoreRelatedDiscuss the Interaction Between Cognition and Physiology in Terms of Behavior942 Words   |  4 Pages†¢ Introduction: cognition, physiology, relation †¢ Amnesia: retrograde, anterograde †¢ Memory: multi-store, division, *amnesic patients, ways of distinguishing types of memory (KC, spiers maguire and burgess, vargha and khadem) †¢ HM †¢ Clive Wearing †¢ Conclusion: cognition, physiology Cognition, as defined by Neisser, is all the processes by which the brain transforms, reduces, elaborates, stores, retrieves, and uses information. Physiology refers to the structures of the human body andRead MoreMemory Test Outcomes: Differences? Naive and Non-Naive Participants Using Levels of Processing Test1171 Words   |  5 PagesMemory Test Outcomes: Differences? Naà ¯ve and Non-Naive participants using Levels of Processing Test Abstract 90words Introductions 450 Many researchers have tried to unravel the mystery of memory in the brain. Early popular theorist Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) proposed that memories are kept in the brain in â€Å"stores† or rather locations where the information is held. They suggest that new information detected from the environment enters to the sensory memory. If attention is paidRead MoreHuman Memory: a Passive Mechanism or Dynamic System? Essay2709 Words   |  11 PagesMemory is a capacity that humans rely upon to relate to different events, experiences, conditions, and people. It is a vitally important process and system whereby the brain receives information from (external or internal) stimuli, stores it (encoding), and makes it available on a future occasion (retrieval). It provides continuity to people’s experiences across different periods of time. Research is increasingly concluding that the brain works as an integrated whole rather than a series of discreteRead MoreThe Five Approaches to Psychology Essay examples3712 Words   |  15 Pages1 Name five approaches to psychology There are five approaches to psychology, Cognitive Psychology Cognition is the term used to describe a range of mental activities associated with thinking. Cognitive processes include reasoning, problem solving, paying attention and remembering. Social Psychology Social Psychology studies the way we interpret events that are going on around us and how we interact with one another. Physiological Psychology Physiological Psychology is the study ofRead MoreWorking Memory5992 Words   |  24 Pagesï » ¿Working Memory ââ€"  Working memory enables us to keep things in mind for short periods (215 seconds) as we think, e.g. while reading, making a list etc. ââ€"  It s related to but different to short-term-memory (STM) and long-term-memory (LTM). ââ€"  Chapter focuses on Baddley s (1986) model of phonological working memory, vocabulary acquisition and computational modelling of working-memory. ââ€"  The concept of span means how many items from a briefly presented set can be remembered, e.g. word span

Key Pieces of Term Paper Proposal Sample

Key Pieces of Term Paper Proposal Sample Term Paper Proposal Sample Ideas Term Paper is among the most significant writing tasks. Before getting very far, you will require a term paper outline. For writing an investigation proposal, it's sensible to pin reduced just term paper definition what it's that you just be ready to do. The period paper format is additionally a universal standard for most academic papers and the rules and regulations need to be taken into account. The increasing number of essay writing services is totally overwhelming. If you believe you aren't, you ought to get another person to do the appraisal for you. So, a couple days without visible progress, beaten and frustrated, you choose to look for inspiration on the internet by browsing for term paper samples. The subject really should be just one distributed to a far bigger wide selection of people today or maybe the internet community thus allowing for whomever to secure an adequate quantity of explora tion supplies connected to the subject. Furthermore our compound understanding of term paper formats lets us deliver nothing less then the very best term papers. Without focus, papers usually do not flow well and are more difficult to read and understand. Allow the reader know precisely what they are going to learn in the paper. It's quite beneficial to read a good example term paper, or two, before you commence writing your own, especially, if they're related or have similar topics. Your title page is the initial impression of your work so make certain it will capture your reader's interest. If you would like to understand what a Term Paper format is or are interested in an original, high standard Term Paper format on the internet, you may discover an answer here. Term Paper format is imperative to follow because the format of the expression paper defines and directs the stream of the paper and the way it ought to be written. The Downside Risk of Term Paper Proposal Sample That being said a proposal isn't only a little exploration paper. The strategic management procedure is important for both domestic and global firms but while the practice of creating a strategic plan is much more complex though the procedure is the exact same for both. Although strategic planning is associated with the initial two stages, the previous two are likewise a significant part planning. By following the measures given here, you must have a fantastic essay by the minute you're done. Getting done with the research procedure means having lots of information about the table. The very first procedure is strategic analysis. The second phase of the strategic management procedure is strategy formulation. 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Business Research Report for Communication - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Research Report for Business Communication. Answer: Reflection report This research is significant for me to understand the advantages and disadvantages of using the social network in business. From the introduction chapter, it can be evaluated that social networking platform may offer different services in terms of business communication like communicating with consumers about their needs and desires as well as effective to deliver the goods and services to the bulk of people (Rennie, and Morrison, 2013).This tool is also beneficial to get feedback about services for further improvement. Consequently, this chapter has not only improved my understanding but also enhanced my skills regarding research field. Along with this, it is analyzed that the project scope is wider which entails the development of Amazon business by using the social networking platforms like Linkedin, Facebook, and Twitter (Leonardi, et. al., 2013). As a result, this project is beneficial for me to implement this within an organization as it can enhance my personal as well as professional career. Through literature review, I have learned that the key advantage of using social networking is associated with a cost-effective approach which is required for business development. In this way, it is observed that a large number of sharing through online networking practices not only free of cost but also easy to access as well as beneficial to create the profile of the company and post the information about the products and services (Bryman, 2015).As a result, I can use the social networking practices within an organization as I can grow in the marketing field in short-term as well as long-term. It is also analyzed that Amazon has gained its revenue by using the social networking strategies which enables it to build a distinguished image as compared to other e-commercial sites in the retail sector (Denscombe, 2014). This experience was effective for me to gain the revenue of company as compared to other key competitors. As a result, it could be significant to be a good marketing manager in future. I have also learned that company should facilitate the customers to access their websites by using the different platform of social media. In this way, it is observed that Amazon provides facilities to simply hashtag facilities to their customers for their products on Twitter (Chu and Du, 2013). This learning was beneficial for me to promote the companys products and services through different marketing channels. During this research, I have also boosted my understanding regarding advantages of social networking sites. In this way, it can be evaluated that different sites like video, Ryze, and Linkedin are used to segment the particular market. This tool is used for formal business communication and also enabled the company to interact with the customers (Luo and Zhong, 2015). This experience has beneficial for me to improve my research and marketing skills. From this research, I have also extended my understanding regarding the limitation of social networking. In this way, I have learned that social networking sites can be quite risky for the business in case of data misuse. It is analyzed that if social media platform does not handle appropriately, then it may create a negative brand image in the customers mind. It may lead to decline revenue of the products and services (Okazaki and Taylor, 2013). As a result, I am able to create favorable brand image among customers mind. This will also improve my personal as well as professional career. Through this research, I have gained my experience regarding web-based social networking. In this way, it can be evaluated that web-based social networking is used in the dynamic changing environment and also beneficial to increase the return on investment. Furthermore, brand loyalty can be improved by taking the actual responses from the web-based social network (Asadi, et. al., 2014). This learning provides me the opportunity to implement the web-based social networking strategy within an organization. From the research methodology, I have learned that both primary and secondary data collection method is used to formulate the feasible result. In this way, the primary question is beneficial to assess the essential data and getting the reliable and valid outcome. But, at the same time, it is observed that secondary questionnaire is less effective as compared to primary based question (Bernard and Gravlee, 2014). This learning is beneficial for me to create the research questionnaire in an effective manner. Along with this, I have learned that research hypothesis is a set of assumption which is created for obtaining the effective result. At the same time, it is analyzed that both qualitative and quantitative approach has been used in research in a different manner. I have gained my knowledge regarding the process of qualitative research. This process includes different steps like general research question, selection of subject matter, gathering data, analysis and interpretation, and conclusions and findings (Certo, 2015). It enables me to use these process in further research in an appropriate manner. During this research, I have also gained my knowledge about simple random sampling method . This method is used to find, and pool the information from those respondents who are entailed in research with the different intention (Bernard and Gravlee, 2014). This method is beneficial for me to choose the participants from a large number of population. From the study of quantitative research, I have gained my experience regarding the different process of quantitative research like gathering of data, data analyzing, interpreting findings and preparation. At the same time, I have increased my knowledge regarding research instrument. In this way, I have learned that there is a various method to measure the rating instrument like rating schedule, time and motion log and performance checklist. This research has also gained my understanding regarding research limitation. In this way, I have learned that inadequate resources, inability to control the business purpose, and lack of time with the statistical tool. In the last, I have increased my knowledge regarding time schedule which is beneficial for me to perform the activities in a specified time period. References Asadi, A., Wang, Q., and Mancuso, V. (2014) A survey on device-to-device communication in cellular networks,IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials,16(4), pp. 1801-1819. Bernard, H. R., and Gravlee, C. C. (Eds.). (2014)Handbook of methods in cultural anthropology. UK: Rowman and Littlefield. Bryman, A. (2015)Social research methods. UK: Oxford university press. Certo, S. (2015)Supervision: Concepts and skill-building. UK: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Chu, S. K. W., and Du, H. S. (2013) Social networking tools for academic libraries,Journal of librarianship and information science,45(1), pp. 64-75. Denscombe, M. (2014)The good research guide: for small-scale social research projects. UK: McGraw-Hill Education. Leonardi, P. M., Huysman, M., and Steinfield, C. (2013) Enterprise social media: Definition, history, and prospects for the study of social technologies in organizations,Journal of Computer?Mediated Communication,19(1), pp. 1-19. Luo, Q., and Zhong, D. (2015) Using social network analysis to explain communication characteristics of travel-related electronic word-of-mouth on social networking sites,Tourism Management,46, pp. 274-282. Okazaki, S., and Taylor, C. R. (2013) Social media and international advertising: theoretical challenges and future directions,International marketing review,30(1), pp. 56-71. Rennie, F., and Morrison, T. (2013)E-learning and social networking handbook: Resources for higher education. UK: Routledge.

Colombia Essays - Americas, Andean Community,

Colombia COLOMBIA GEOGRAPHY: Colombia stretches over approximately 1,140,000 sq. km, roughly equal to the area of Portugal, Spain, and France put together. Colombia occupies the northwestern end of South America, and is the only country there with coasts on both the Pacific (1350 km long), and the Atlantic (over 1600 km.) Three Andean ranges run north and south through the western half of the country (about 45% of the total territory.) The eastern part is a vast lowland which can be generally divided into two regions: a huge open savannah on the north, and the amazon in the south (400,000 sq. km approx.).Colombia is a country of geographical contrasts and extremes. As well as the features mentioned, it has such curiosities as the desert of La Guajira, the peninsula in the most north-eastern tip of the country; the jungle of the pacific coast which holds one of the world's rainfall records; and the Serran?a de la Macarena, an isolated mountain formation about 120 km. long, rising abruptly from the eastern plains to some 2500 meters. Colombia also has several small islands. The major ones are the archipelago of San Andr?s and Providencia in the Caribbean Sea, the Islas del Rosario and San Bernardo along the Caribeian coast, and Gorgona and Malpelo in the Pacific Ocean. HISTORY: Spaniards founded Santa Maria la Antigua del Darien in 1510, the first permanent European settlement on the American mainland. In 1538 the Spaniards established the colony of New Granada, the area's name until 1861. After a 14-year struggle, in which Sim?n Bol?var's troops won the battle of Boyac? in Colombia on Aug. 7, 1819, independence was attained in 1824. Bol?var united Colombia, Venezuela, Panama, and Ecuador in the Republic of Greater Colombia (1810-1830), but lost Venezuela and Ecuador to separatists. Bol?var's Vice President, Francisco de Paula Santander, founded the Liberal Party as the Federalists while Bol?var established the Conservatives as the Centralists. Santander's presidency (1832-1936) re-established order, but later periods of Liberal dominance (1849-1857 and 1861-1880), when the Liberals sought to disestablish the Roman Catholic Church, were marked by insurrection and even civil war. Rafael Nu?ez, in a 15-year-presidency, restored the power of the central government and the church, which led in 1899 to a bloody civil war Foreign Languages

Avian Influenza Essay Example

Avian Influenza Essay Example Avian Influenza Paper Avian Influenza Paper Essay Topic: The Wild Duck Avian Influenza Introduction Bird flu in most cases begins with discomfort of lower respiratory ways and in unusual casesfrom upper respiratory air-ways. Elevated viral titer is isolated from pharynx but not from nose. Initial symptoms of the H5N1 influenza are: high grade fever, mild cold, cough and shortness of breath. Practically all patients develop viral pneumonia complicating to secondary bacterial infection, mild to severe respiratory distress, diarrhea, vomiting and abdominal pain. Conjunctivitis is entity. Sometimes gastrointestinal disorder develops earlier than respiratory symptoms. Avian influenza viruses are shed in respiratory secretions and feces of birds. Infected ducks, for example, shed virus for at least 30 days. Influenza virus from the feces of waterfowl can be recovered from surface water. Avian species develop infection that ranges from asymptomatic to lethal. Avian influenza has caused major outbreaks in poultry farms.   Influenza virus can undergo genetic mutations in hemagglutinin or neuraminidase (antigens on the surface of the virus) that can lead to epidemics. Much less commonly, a completely new hemagglutinin or neuraminidase emerges- with the new genetic material coming from animals. This genetic shift typically leads to pandemics. Early chronology: 1929 Last evidence (serologic) of circulation in humans of a swine-like influenza virus 1930 Isolation of an influenza virus from swine 1933 First isolation of an influenza virus from humans Until 1995, only three of the 15 influenza hemagglutinins that had been identified were known to cause infections in humans. Birds have all 15 identified hemagglutinins and nine neuraminidases. New influenza viruses often emerge from southern China, a region characterized by a large, densely settled human population and abundant pigs and ducks living in close proximity to humans. Until events in Hong Kong in 1997, scientists thought that avian influenza posed no direct threat to humans. In 1997, after causing influenza outbreaks on chicken farms, avian influenza (H5N1) spread to humans (Claas et al. 1998). Eighteen human cases were confirmed, six of them fatal. Infection was concentrated in children and young adults, unlike the pattern in most outbreaks where morbidity and death are most common in older adults. The virus recovered from humans was identical to that found in birds (Subbarao et al. 1998). Epidemiological studies suggested that there had been multiple independent introductions of the influenza virus into the human population from birds, but that very limited person-to-person spread occurred. At the time of the human cases, there were estimated to be 300–600 live bird markets in Hong Kong, where mixing of different avian species (ducks, chickens, pheasants, pigeons, wild birds) was possible. When the Hong Kong live bird markets were studied , 10% or more of birds were found to be shedding H5N1, in multiple avian species (geese, chickens, ducks). The birds (more than one million) were killed, and no additional human cases of H5N1 have been documented. In 1999, human infection with H9N2, another avian influenza strain widespread in Asia, was also documented for the first time in humans, at a time of enhanced surveillance (Peiris et al. 1999). The events in Hong Kong have led to heightened global surveillance for influenza in humans and animals. There was reason to be concerned about the events in Hong Kong, a densely populated city with extensive links to the rest of the world. In 1993, there were an estimated 41.4 million passenger movements (boat, train, car, airplane) and from Hong Kong. The influenza viruses that afflict humans are divided into three types: A, B, and C. Influenza A is responsible for the epidemics and infects not only man but also pigs, horses, seals, and a large variety of birds. Indeed, influenza A has been isolated worldwide from both domestic and wild birds, primarily waterbirds including ducks, geese, terns, and gulls and domesticated birds such as turkeys, chickens, quail, pheasants, geese, and ducks. Studies of wild ducks in Canada from 1975 to 1994 indicated that up to 20 percent of the juveniles were infected, and fecal samples from their lakeshore habitats contained the virus. These birds usually shed the virus from five to seven days (with a maximum of thirty days) after becoming infected even though they show no sign of the disease. Obviously, this virus and its hosts have adapted mutually over many centuries and created a reservoir that ensures perpetuation of the virus. Duck virus has been implicated in outbreaks of influenza in animal s such as seals, whales, pigs, horses, and turkeys. Extensive analysis of the viruss genetic structure, or nucleic acid sequences, supports the hypotheses that mammalian influenza viruses, including those infecting man, may well originate in aquatic birds. (Suarez DL, Spackman E, Senne DA, 2003) Subtypes of influenza A, the various strains of these avian viruses can be classified as either highly pathogenic or as of low pathogenicity, based on their genetic features and the severity of illness they cause in birds. There are currently 27 potential forms of the three subtypes of avian influenza viruses differentiated by variations in the neuraminidase surface antigen. Thus, H5, H7, and H9 avian influenza viruses, so named for their hemagglutinin surface antigen, can each be matched with nine possible neuraminidase surface antigens, N1, N2, N3, etc. Thus, there could be H5N1 through H5N9, H7N1 through H7N9, and H9N1 through H9N9 strains. H9 viruses appear to be of low pathogenicity, while H5 and H7 viruses can be highly pathogenic for birds. However, low pathogenic forms of these viruses seem to be the cause of most outbreaks among poultry causing only mild or imperceptible illness and low mortality rates. Nonetheless, both H5 and H7 can develop high levels of pathogenicity in which case mortality rates in poultry flocks can reach 100%. The natural history of avian influenza viruses is characterized by spread through infected nasal, respiratory and fecal material, and a reservoir state in healthy birds. (Pascal James Imperato, 2005) www.springerlink.com/index/H6427776HH34G857.pdf Pathogenesis The pathogenesis of avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in humans has not been clearly explained. Apoptosis might also play a vital part. Apoptosis has been observed in alveolar epithelial cells, which is the major target cell type for the viral replication. Many apoptotic leukocytes were observed in the lungs of patients who died on day 6 of illness. Apoptosis may play a major role in the pathogenesis of influenza (H5N1) virus in humans by destroying alveolar epithelial cells. This pathogenesis causes pneumonia and destroys leukocytes, leading to leucopenia, which is an outstanding clinical feature of influenza (H5N1) virus in humans. Whether observed apoptotic cells were a directly related to viral replication or outcome of an over activation of the immune system needs further studies. (Uiprasertkul M, 2007) www.cdc.gov/EID/content/13/5/708.htm Infected birds were the major source of the H5N1 influenza virus among humans in Asia. Mainly humans became infected by eating infected birds, by poor hygiene procedures when cooking infected birds, or by close contact with infected poultry. (Reina J, 2002). Certain birds, particularly water birds, act as hosts for influenza viruses by carrying the virus in their intestines and shedding it. Infected birds shed virus in saliva, nasal secretions, and feces. Susceptible birds can become infected with avian influenza virus when they have contact with contaminated nasal, respiratory, or fecal material from infected birds. Fecal-to-oral transmission is the most common mode of spread among birds. Most often, the wild birds that are the hosts for the virus do not get sick, but they can spread influenza to other birds. (CDC, 2006) www.cdc.gov/flu/avian/gen-info/spread.htm At present spread of the H5N1 influenza from human to human by air born route has not been registered, but enduring monitoring for identification mutation and adaptation of H5N1 influenza virus to human is needed. Most studies performed in avian viral strains elucidates that virulence is a polygenic phenomenon. However, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase and the genes codifying these substances (genes 4 and 6) play a vital role in viral pathogenesis. (Gu J, Xie Z, Gao Z, Liu J, Korteweg C, Ye J, Lau LT, Lu J, Gao Z, Zhang B, McNutt MA, Lu M, Anderson VM, Gong E, Yu AC, Lipkin WI, 2007). Avian strains can be classified as virulent or avirulent according to the capability of hemagglutinin to be triggered by endoproteases of the respiratory tract merely or by proteases from other tissues. This ability is based on the ever going mutations that lead to the substitution of the normal amino acids at the point of hemagglutinin hydrolysis by the other basic amino acids that determine the amplifi cation of the spectrum of hydrolysis and activation. Neuraminidase contributes in the acquisition of virulence through its ability to attach to plasminogen and by escalating the concentration of activating proteases. Adaptation to the host, by recognition of the cell receptor, is an additional factor determining the virulence and interspecies spread of avian strains. (Reina J, 2002) Transmission to mammals Influenza A viruses from aquatic birds grow poorly in human cells, and vice versa. However, both avian and human influenza viruses can replicate in pigs. We have known that pigs are susceptible to influenza viruses that infect man ever since the veterinarian J. S. Koen first observed pigs with influenza symptoms closely resembling those of humans. Retrospective tests of human blood indicate that the swine virus isolated by Shope in 1928 was similar to the human virus and likely responsible for the human epidemic. Swine influenza still persists year-round and is the cause of most respiratory diseases in pigs. Interestingly, in 1976, swine influenza virus isolated from military recruits at Fort Dix was indistinguishable from virus isolates obtained from a man and a pig on a farm in Wisconsin. The examiners concluded that animals, especially aquatic birds and pigs, can be reservoirs of influenza virus. When such viruses or their components mix with human influenza virus, dramatic geneti c shifts can follow, creating the potential of a new epidemic for humans. The influenza virus continually evolves by antigenic shift and drift. Early studies in this area by Robert Webster and Graeme Laver established the importance of monitoring influenza strains in order to predict future epidemics. Antigenic shifts are major changes in the structure of the influenza virus that determines its effect on immune responses. Of the viral proteins, the hemagglutinin (H), a major glycoprotein of the virus, plays a central role in infection, because breakdown of hemagglutinin into two smaller units is required for virus infectivity. (Suarez DL, Spackman E, Senne DA, 2003). Shifts in the composition of the hemagglutinin (H) or neuraminidase (N), another glycoprotein, of influenza virus were observed in the 1933, 1957, 1968, and 1977 epidemics: 1933: H1N1 1957: H2N2 (Asian flu) 1968: H3N2 (Hong Kong flu) 1977: reappearance of H1N1, called the Russian flu The reappearance in 1977 of the Russian flu, a virus first isolated in 1933, raises the uneasy possibility that a return of the 1918-19 influenza epidemics with its devastation of human life is possible and perhaps likely. In March of 1997, part of influenza virus nucleic acid was isolated from a formalin-fixed lung tissue sample of a twenty-one-year-old Army private that died during the 1918-19 Spanish influenza pandemic. Since the first influenza viruses were not isolated until the 1930s, characterization of the 1918-19 strain relied on molecular definition of the viruss RNA. Chemical evidence indicated a novel H1N1 sequence of a viral strain that differed from all other subsequently characterized influenza strains and that the 1918 HA human sequence correlated best with swine influenza strains. Once the entire sequence is on hand, a virulent marker for the influenza virus associated with killing over 675,000 Americans from 1918 to 1919 may be uncovered and a vaccine planned that might abort the return of this virus form of influenza.   When such antigenic shifts occur, the appearance of disease is predictable. Therefore, surveillance centers have been established all over the world where isolates of influenza are obtained and studied for alterations, primarily in the hemagglutinin. According to the evidence from these centers, isolates identified in late spring are excellent indicators of potential epidemics in the following winter. Both avian and human influenza viruses can replicate in pigs, and genetic reassortants or combinations between them can be demonstrated experimentally. A likely scenario for such an antigenic shift in nature occurs when the prevailing human strain of influenza A virus and an avian influenza virus concurrently infect a pig, which serves as a mixing vessel. Reassortants containing genes derived mainly from the human virus but with a hemagglutinin and polymerase gene from the avian source are able to infect humans and initiate a new pandemic. In rural Southeast Asia, the most densely populated area of the world; hundreds of millions of people live and work in close contact with domesticated pigs and ducks. This is the likely reason for influenza pandemics in China. Epidemics other than the 1918-19 catastrophes have generally killed 50,000 or fewer individuals, although within a year over one million people had been infected with these new strains. Conclusion Three major hypotheses have been put forth to explain antigenic shifts. First, as described above, a new virus can come from a reassortant in which an avian influenza virus gene substitutes for one of the human influenza virus genes. The genome of human influenza group A contains eight RNA segments, and current wisdom is that the circulating influenza hemagglutinin in humans has been replaced with an avian hemagglutinin. A second explanation for antigenic shifts that yield new epidemic viruses is that strains from other mammals or birds become infectious for humans. Some believe that this is the cause of the Spanish influenza virus epidemic in 1918-19, with the transmission of swine influenza virus to humans. A third possibility is that newly emerging viruses have actually remained hidden and unchanged somewhere but suddenly come forth to cause an epidemic, as the Russian H1N1 virus once did. H1N1 first was isolated in 1933, then disappeared when replaced by the Asian H2N2 in 1957. H owever, twenty years later the virus reappeared in a strain isolated in northern China and subsequently spread to the rest of the world. This virus was identical in all its genes to one that caused human influenza epidemics in the 1950s. (Gu J, Xie Z, Gao Z, Liu J, Korteweg C, Ye J, Lau LT, Lu J, Gao Z, Zhang B, McNutt MA, Lu M, Anderson VM, Gong E, Yu AC, Lipkin WI, 2007) Where the virus was for twenty years is not known. Could it have been inactivated in a frozen state, preserved in an animal reservoir, or obscured in some other way? If this is so, will the Spanish influenza virus also return, and what will be the consequences for the human population? In addition to antigenic shift, which signifies major changes in existing viruses, antigenic drift permits slight alterations in viral structure. These follow pinpoint changes (mutations) in amino acids in various antigen domains that relate to immune pressure, leading to selection. For example, the hemagglutinin molecule gradually changes while undergoing antigenic drift. Such mutations allow the virus to escape from attack by antibodies generated during a previous bout of infection. Because these antibodies would ordinarily protect the host by removing the virus, this escape permits the related infection to remain in the population. With these difficulties of antigenic shift and, drift and animal reservoirs, it is not surprising that making an influenza vaccine as effective as those for smallpox, pohovirus, yellow fever, or measles is difficult to achieve. Another complication is that immunity to influenza virus is incomplete; that is, even in the presence of an immune response, influenza can still occur. Nevertheless, the challenge of developing vaccines based on surveillance studies has been met. A chemically treated, formalin-inactivated virus has been formulated in a vaccine that is 30 to 70 percent effective in increasing resistance to influenza virus. The vaccine decreases the frequency of influenza attacks or, at least, the severity of disease in most recipients, although protection is not absolute. In addition, the secondary bacterial infections that may accompany influenza are today treatable with potent antibacterial drugs previously unavailable. Nonetheless, of the plagues that visit humans, influenza is among those that require constant surveillance, because we can be certain that some form of influenza will continue to return. References: CDC. Spread of Avian Influenza Viruses among Birds; Journal of Environmental Health, Vol. 68, 2006.www.cdc.gov/flu/avian/gen-info/spread.htm Claas, E. C. J., A. D. M. E. Osterhaus, R. van Beek, J. C. De Jong, G. F. Rimmelzwaan, D. A. Senne, S. Krauss, K. F. Shortridge, and R. G. Webster. 1998. Human influenza A H5N1 virus related to a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Lancet 351:472–477. Gu J, Xie Z, Gao Z, Liu J, Korteweg C, Ye J, Lau LT, Lu J, Gao Z, Zhang B, McNutt MA, Lu M, Anderson VM, Gong E, Yu AC, Lipkin WI. H5N1 infection of the respiratory tract and beyond: a molecular pathology study; Lancet Sep 29; 370(9593):1106-8, 2007 Pascal James Imperato. The Growing Challenge of Avian Influenza; Journal of Community Health, Vol. 30, 2005. www.springerlink.com/index/H6427776HH34G857.pdf Peiris, M., K. Y. Yuen, C. W. Leung, K. H. Chan, P. L. S. Ip, R. W. M. Lai, W. K. Orr, and K. F. Shortridge. 1999. Human infection with influenza H9N2. Lancet 354:916–917. Reina J. Factors affecting the virulence and pathogenicity of avian and human viral strains (influenza virus type A)] Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin; 20(7):346-53 (ISSN: 0213-005X) Hospital Universitario Son Dureta, Palma de Mallorca, Espaà ±a, 2002 direct.bl.uk/research/48/44/RN119578176.html Suarez DL, Spackman E, Senne DA. Update on molecular epidemiology of H1, H5, and H7 influenza virus infections in poultry in North America; Avian Dis. 2003; 47(3 Suppl): 888-97 ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez Subbarao, K., A. Klimov, J. Katz, H. Renery, W. Lim, H. Hall, M. Perdue, D. Swayne, C. Bender, J. Huang, M. Hemphill, T. Rowe, M. Shaw, X. Xu, K. Fukuda, and N. Cox. 1998. Characterization of an avian influenza A (H5N1) virus isolated from a child with a fatal respiratory illness. Science 279:393–396. Uiprasertkul M. Apoptosis and Pathogenesis of Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus in Humans Emerg Infect Dis; 13(5):708-12 (ISSN: 1080-6040) Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.2007 www.cdc.gov/EID/content/13/5/708.htm

EMPLOYMENT NON-DISCRIMINATION ACT Research Paper

EMPLOYMENT NON-DISCRIMINATION ACT - Research Paper Example In 2009, after the Democrats came into power with a majority, House Representative Barney Frank, has reintroduced the ENDA that includes only the transgender class. With the recent changes in the Congress, the ENDA bill has gained new momentum, especially with the backing of President Barack Obama (The White House, Civil Rights- Strengthen Anti-Discrimination Laws, 2010), there are every prospects for the bill being passed within the present President’s term and becoming a law. Discussion What is this policy? The Employment Non Discrimination Act (ENDA) is a federal bill that aims to stop all forms of bias or discrimination based on the sexual orientation of the employees, by the employer. The LGBT community in US has been demanding workplace protection right from the 1970s; however, it is only recently that the bill that accords protection to the LGBT sections has been presented in the Senate. Though the ENDA bill was presented in the Congress in 2009, it is still pending and is under scrutiny by the House Education and Labour Committee. What does it purport to accomplish and why has it been proposed? This bill â€Å"promotes the goal of embracing diversity in the workplace.   Proponents also argue that sexual orientation is protected under the U.S. Constitution's guarantees of equal protection and due process.   Without a federal statute, victims of discrimination are subject to a patchwork of state law protections that provide uneven and often insufficient protection, hence the need for a national standard in the form of ENDA† (Aden, The  Employment Non-Discrimination Act, 2010). The advocates of this bill opine that homosexuality is a form of an individual’s personal identity, and not a â€Å"choice,† so the working people have a right to be judged according to their work performance, and not by their personal identities (American Psychological Association, 2011).   The APA in its various researches has reported that ther e exists significant bias against homosexuals within the U.S. workforce (ibid), thus making it necessary that a uniform law is made that would cover the entire country. The political actors supporting this bill are the Democrats, and the current US President in the White House, Barack Obama, is a staunch supporter of the cause and the bill. The opponents of this bill (the Conservatives, and religious groups), and various critics contend that ‘antidiscrimination laws’ like the ENDA tend to promote  a lack of tolerance  that are based on religious faith. Thus, it has been proposed that if such acts do not have any associated meaningful exceptions, specially made keeping in mind the different religious organizations and employers (with organisations that are faith based), that may have objections towards homosexuality from a religious point of view, then the passing act would have a negative effect. â€Å"Without strong exemptions, religious organizations will be requ ired, as a condition of seeking workers to carry out their faith-based missions, to affirm conduct that is in diametric opposition to the moral principles of their faith† (ibid).   The opponents of this act contend that this bill is different from other ‘

Chronicling America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chronicling America - Essay Example However, much that has been written is about the Indians and their social-economic life. For instance, the author has written that the work done by the Indians in Minnesota brings them about $50,000 -$60,000 annually (Hauke, 1915). Also, the reader learns that these Indians are 95% industrious. This is well understood when the example of the full-blooded Chippewa is given that gets $100 monthly by being a forester. This is an indication that the Indians at Minnesota were hard working. The aspect of the Red Lake Minnesota Indians as living in deplorable conditions is also well captured by the author. Notably, the Red Lake News was a newspaper that published articles that lived in the vicinity of the Red Lake and not the Indians only. Notably, despite the fact that they live in such conditions, the author has clearly indicated the cooperation among the members of this community whereby they ensured that they lived comfortably. Much of the Indians activities both at home and at school w ere exhibited at fair thus enlightening the people that attended on the lives of the Indians. Also, the Indians activities while at school were also on display such as their progress in games and their social cohesion. In my opinion, the editor is trying to communicate on the importance of social cohesion in the society and the economic advantages that come with that togetherness. This is seen when the editor gives the names of the people who taught the Indians as well as the managers of the schools (Hauke, 1915).

Clinical Depression Overview Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Clinical Depression Overview - Research Proposal Example When depression strikes, a person will not only feel down, it may affect his ability to function normally in society, and in some extreme cases, it provokes the person to commit suicide. Being the most common mental disorder in the United States, depression affects over 17 million Americans each year ("Understanding Depression"). With these, depression is obviously a serious condition that should on no account be ignored. In identifying depression, certain factors such as gender, age, and culture should be taken into account. The manifestations of depression in different people are likely to vary in accordance with the aforementioned factors (Smith, R. Segal, and J. Segal). For instance, an elderly man would most probably exhibit different signs and symptoms of depression from a teenage girl. However, there are common signs and symptoms that we can watch out for. These signs and symptoms can be categorized into those involving the person's mood, his thinking, his behavior and physical manifestations ("Depression - Types, Causes and Symptoms"). Symptoms that involve the person's mood include feelings of sadness, hopelessness, helplessness, numbness, emptiness, anxiousness, and guilt. People who are depressed find it hard to enjoy and feel good about things that they used to do normally ("Depression - Types, Causes and Symptoms"). A depresse...People suffering from depression also find it difficult to think clearly and they have poor concentration and memory ("Depression - Types, Causes and Symptoms"). In some cases, as earlier mentioned, depressed people have suicidal thoughts and some actually attempt to kill themselves.

Political Objectives of the Falklands War

Political Objectives of the Falklands War War as a Strategic Tool of Policy: The Falklands War Did War prove to be a Successful Means of Achieving Political Objectives? Examine from both UK and Argentinean perspectives. In an essay of this brevity it would be impossible, and indeed unnecessary, to discuss fully the history of the Falkland Islands; we will therefore begin by discussing the immediate origins of the conflict before going on to discuss the strategic, economic and finally political objectives of both participants before reaching a conclusion as to weather the war proved a successful means of achieving each sides political objectives. Development of a Crisis. Argentina had been smarting for some years after the 19th century British occupation of the Falkland Islands, but the matter began to come to a head when they raised the question of sovereignty at the United Nations in 1964. At that time the British position was that sovereignty was non-negotiable, but that they were open to discussions regarding contact between the Islands and Argentina, as well as issues regarding the welfare of the Islanders themselves. An the beginning of 1966, the British Foreign Secretary held discussions regarding the Falklands with officials in Buenos Ares and later a meeting was held in London with the same issue on the agenda. The British strategy during these discussions was to defuse and potential difficulties and to essentially to maintain the then current position. The Argentinean delegations, however, wanted nothing short of a return of the Malvinas to Argentine sovereignty; from the very beginnings of the growing crisis the two sides had differing and indeed mutually exclusive, political and strategic objectives. After the discussions the British publicly stated that they had no strategic, political or economic interests in the Falkland Islands, all of which were untrue as we will see. The growing tension was not only felt among the higher echelons of Government, but also among the public, particularly in Argentina and on the Islands themselves. In September 1964 a light aircraft landed at Port Stanley and planted an Argentine flag, the pilot then took off and returned to Argentine without opposition. Exactly two years later a hijacked Argentine passenger airliner was forced to land on the Island and despite suspicions to the contrary the argentine government denied any involvement. These incidents helped to raise the existence of a British colony on its very doorstep to the Argentine populace, as did the British response of stationing a platoon of marines on the east of the Islands. In November 1966 the British proposed a thirty year freeze on discussions, after which time the islanders would be allowed to decide their own future, this was rejected by the Argentineans as it did not serve their immediate political objectives of a return of the islands. In March of the following year the British subjected that, under certain conditions, they would be prepared to cede sovereignty of the islands to Argentina. There were conditions attached, however, most notably that the wished of the islanders would be paramount. The islanders themselves lobbied parliament and the matter was dropped. The condition that the wished of the islanders be sacrosanct was to become the key underlying theme of British foreign policy with regard to ownership of the islands. The islanders themselves wished to remain a British protectorate and thus the British Government were forced to discount all proposals to the contrary. To the Argentineans, sovereignty was the key issue; thus their respec tive political objectives set the two nations on a collision course. With the political objectives seemingly firmly entrenched and mutually exclusive, it seems a little strange that the two sides continued to negotiate throughout the 1970’s. In the middle of June 1970, talks were concluded that resulted in improved communications between the Argentineans and the Falklanders. The Islanders were offered travel documents that allowed them to move freely in Argentine, as well as a generous range of financial incentives. The Argentines believed that they had made significant concessions and that the British had not reciprocated at all. In 1974 the British proposed a condominium, essentially joint control of the islands. The islanders themselves balked at the idea however. If the Argentine concessions of 1970 had been intended to sway public opinion among the islanders in their favour, it had evidently failed. By the mid 70’s, the Argentine Government had evidently grown tired of attempts to seek a purely political resolution and their position hardened. Argentina began to increase the strength of its rhetoric and openly implied the possibility of invasion. This was followed at the beginning of 76 by an Argentine destroyer firing upon and attempting to board a British vessel. March 1976 say a military coup in Argentina; the military had no doubt been increasing in power as the hardening of the Argentine line on the Falklands of the previous few years indicates. Soon after the coup in Argentina, a patrol helicopter from the HMS Endurance discovered an Argentine military presence on Southern Thule, part of the Falkland Islands, a clear violation of British territory. The British Government failed to react in any more serious way than making a formal protest. This Argentine base was allowed to exist unchallenged for five years, right up to the outbreak of the war in 1982. If there was any one factor in the pre war years that convinced the powers that be in Argentine of the lack of political and/or military will to maintain control of the Falkland Islands it was the failure to react appropriately the they unchallenged presence on southern Thule. 1979-80 saw, along with the election of a new Conservative Government in Great Britain, the revival of the lease back idea first proposed by the British in 1975; the idea being that formal sovereignty would transfer to Argentina whilst the British would maintain a military base and continue to administer the islands. The proposal was vehemently opposed by the islanders and their supporters in Britain. Despite this opposition, the Foreign Office pursued the policy whilst Lord Carrington advised the new Prime Minister Thatcher of the likely political consequences at home. The policy was eventually rejected. Following the breakdown of talks, a summit was held in New York, but, as reported in the Economist, the British diplomats were politically restrained and had little or nothing to offer regarding concessions over sovereignty. By the beginning of 1982, the Argentine military junta was thoroughly dissatisfied with the level and pace of progress and, although publicly stating that their aim was a diplomatic solution to the problem, the unstated agenda was sovereignty by the end of the year. The invasion was, perhaps inevitable. Strategic objectives. The strategic importance of the Falkland Islands is very easy to assess, a simple glance at a map is enough. The islands were one of the very few bases for the British in the Southern Atlantic; from the islands the British could maintain a vigil upon activity throughout most of the southern part of South America. For this reason too, it was of vital (probably even greater) importance to Britain’s key ally, the United States. The importance of the islands in friendly hands can be suggested by the unofficial assistance provided to the British task force by the American navy. Thus Britain’s policy objectives were inseparably bound within strategic considerations. The Argentineans perspective was precisely the reverse; they could no longer tolerate a base so close their coastline. An analogy may be seen in the position of the United States over Cuba during the Cold War. The desire to recover the Malvinas Islands was not new, but the military coup did provide new impetus to the policy, along with putting in power people who were not afraid to explore, and finally execute, the military option in order to achieve the objective. Economic objectives. The economic objectives of both sides as a cause of the conflict have been largely ignored by historians. In 1966 the British unofficially told the Argentines that they had no economic interest in the islands at all and that they were largely self sufficient. Although this may have been the case at the time, this position soon changed. By 1975 the British Government established a working committee under, Lord Shackleton, to investigate the economic potential of the islands. The report concluded the islands had enormous fishing potential, as well as potentially significant oil and natural gas reserves. The oil crisis of 1973 and a recent (1973-75) geological survey in the region had suggested the significant potential for the development of local oil and gas fields. Thus, economically the British Government could not allow the islands to pass out of the British sphere of influence. The Argentines were also aware of the economic potential of the islands as the geological survey was not secret, this led to suspicion in Buenos Ares that the â€Å"British were after the islands oil† The importance of the discovery of oil in the region can not be overstated as a reason for increasing tensions in the region. It would have been politically unsound to say the least for the British to cede control of significant new reserves to a foreign power so soon after a global oil crisis. To the Argentineans, the potential exploitation of a major new oil field just a few miles off their coastline, by a foreign power, was unacceptable. Political objectives. Margaret Thatcher had become Prime Minister of Great Britain in 1979; after wresting the leadership from Edward Heath after the electoral defeats of 1974. The early years of the new Thatcher Government were not easy; inflation was a major issue, as was the entrenched power of trade unions. Oil prices were high following a crisis with Iran, further fuelling inflationary pressures. High interest rates and an increase in VAT did not help the domestic economic position, nor did it help British industry, leading to record unemployment and recession. By 1980, both inflation and unemployment were double what they had been at the election the previous year. The obvious domestic political result was a massive slide in popularity of the new Conservative Government and a significant personal decline in the popularity of the Prime Minister. By 1981 unemployment reached 2.5 million and there were riots in Brixton and Toxteth; the following year unemployment stood at 3 million, where it remained for five years. With this domestic backdrop it is hardly surprising that the British put so little emphasis upon the developing crisis in the Southern Atlantic., and the lack of appropriate response to the landings on Southern Thule. The Argentine invasion allowed the Thatcher government to move the focus away from the failing domestic agenda to matters of foreign policy. She surrounded herself in calls of patriotism which the country responded to. The British task force was assembled with remarkable speed and despatched to the Falklands. The recovery of the islands was hailed as a personal triumph for Mrs. Thatcher, and the general feeling of deep political failure with which the crisis began, had been transformed into a sense of resounding and overwhelming success by its conclusion. The Falklands crisis was a major success for the Thatcher Government; confidence was restored, popularity was again high, despite the domestic situation not having improved at all. For the new military junta in Argentina, there was only one possible course of action. Recovery of the Malvinas Islands was a priority. Military regimes generally do not pride themselves on economic success, but rely on strength of arms; an invasion of the islands became inevitable therefore. The unopposed landings on Southern Thule had had a positive effect in Argentina, reinforcing the belief that the islands would return (and soon) to Argentine control. The invasion came soon after and acted to stabilise the political situation in Argentina, the new regime was acting to secure the islands and thus the nation’s borders from foreign imperialist powers. Initially therefore, the invasion was a huge success, although it quickly turned to disaster as the Argentines underestimated the desire of the British to maintain control of the Falklands. Ultimately the invasion was as negative a force for the Argentine junta as it was positive for the Thatcher Government. Conclusion. Despite the initial successes of the operation for the Argentines, the strategy of militarily occupying the islands proved an utter failure. Progress that was being made on diplomatic means of recovery of the islands, even if that had been some kind of shares control, was lost completely. The Thatcher Government began the crisis in deep difficulties on the domestic front, but a victory in warfare, the defending of the realm as it were, proved a resounding success for the Government and restored its failing popularity, despite the dire domestic situation remaining unchanged. The war was, therefore, a significant success for the British. With hindsight we can also say that it helped to lead to eighteen years of Conservative Government, a feat that would surely have been impossible without the Falklands campaign, or with any kind of a failure to recover the islands. Bibliography. P. Beck, The Falkland Islands as an International Problem (London 1988) L. Freedman, Britain and the Falklands War (Oxford 1988) L. S. Gustafson, The Sovereignty Dispute over the Falkland (Malvinas) Islands (Oxford 1988) M. Hastings S. Jenkins, The Battle for the Falklands (London 1983) D. Kinney, Anglo-Argentinean Diplomacy and the Falklands Crisis, in A. Coll, and Anthony C. Arend, (eds.), The Falklands War: Lessons for Strategy, Diplomacy and International Law (London 1985) G. A. Makin, The Military in Argentine Politics 1880-1982, Millenium: Journal of International Studies, 1983a, 12.1 G. A. Makin, Argentine Approaches to the Falklands/Malvinas: was the Resort to Violence Foreseeable, International Affairs, 1983b, 59.3 M. Middlebrook, Task Force: The Falkland Islands War, 1982, (London 1987) D. Sanders, H. Ward, D. Marsh, Government Popularity and the Falklands War: A Reassessment, British Journal of Political Science, 1987, 17.3 Lord Shackleton, Economic Survey of the Falkland Islands, vol’s 1-2 (London 1976) J. H. Wylie, The Influence of British Arms: an Analysis of British Intervention since 1956, (London 1984) D. S. Zakheim, The Southern Atlantic Conflict: Strategic, Military, and Technological Lessons, in A. Coll, and Anthony C. Arend, (eds.), The Falklands War: Lessons for Strategy, Diplomacy and International Law (London 1985) The Economist, January 24th 1976 The Economist, June 19th 1982 The Times, January 19th 1976

Ministers Black Veil Essays: The Minister’s Black Veil and its Author :: Ministers Black Veil Essays

â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil† and its Author Evaluated By Contemporaries  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Initially, of course, Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short stories went unranked among those of other American and British writers. But his reputation, along with the popularity of his works, grew gradually even among contemporary critics, until he was recognized as a â€Å"man of genius.†    Edgar Allen Poe, in a review of Hawthorne’s work, said in Godey's Lady's Book, November, 1847, no. 35, pp. 252-6:    It was never the fashion (until lately) to speak of him in any summary of our best authors. . . . The "peculiarity" or sameness, or monotone of Hawthorne, would, in its mere character of "peculiarity," and without reference to what is the peculiarity, suffice to deprive him of all chance of popular appreciation. But at his failure to be appreciated, we can, of course, no longer wonder, when we find him monotonous at decidedly the worst of all possible points--at that point which, having the least concern with Nature, is the farthest removed from the popular intellect, from the popular sentiment and from the popular taste. I allude to the strain of allegory which completely overwhelms the greater number of his subjects.    So literary critic Edgar Allan Poe thinks that Hawthorne’s heavy reliance on allegory is the cause of his lack of popularity during the 1830’s and 40’s. In 1848 James Russell Lowell wrote a piece of poetry entitled â€Å"Hawthorne† for the periodical A Fable for Critics:      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "There is Hawthorne, with genius so shrinking and rare   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   That you hardly at first see the strength that is there;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A frame so robust, with a nature so sweet,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   So earnest, so graceful, so lithe and so fleet,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Is worth a descent from Olympus to meet;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   'Tis as if a rough oak that for ages had stood,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With his gnarled bony branches like ribs of the wood,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Should bloom, after cycles of struggle and scathe,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With a single anemone trembly and rathe;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   His strength is so tender, his wildness so meek. . . .    The author considers that now, â€Å"after cycles of struggle and scathe,† Hawthorne is finally emerging into recognition for his work. In 1850 Herman Melville wrote â€Å"Hawthorne and His Mosses† for The Literary World, August 17 and 24 editions, in which he humbly acknowledges the genius of Nathaniel Hawthorne:

Characters- No Sugar Essay

Through the characters names all the aboriginal names are given Christian names while the white characters almost without exception are given titles and surnames. This humanizes the aboriginal characters and dehumanizes the white characters while highlighting their position of power. White characters are demonized by their actions as well as their names, they refer to going back to the Tasmanian solution (pg44), showing that they have no regard for the aboriginal’s lives. JP: Racist- he refers to the aboriginal people as natives, and sees them as people who don’t belong.. We Repelled by his cruel treatment towards the Aborigines. Impatient, self-centred- (interrupting) Look, I’m not interested in what you had for dinner. If you’ve got an explanation, just tell me what it is. Frank- The only white character, Frank brown is the only one who has a real relationship with the aboriginals and he is the only one of the white characters who’s afforded a white name. He’s accused of supplying liquor to jimmy. Millie- Persists and does what she believes is right. ‘Stereotypical women’ and caring mother to her children. Supportive mother, takes care of her child when she’s sick- My girls in hospital, we need blankets. Jimmy- Aboriginal, lack of education- â€Å"sorry sir I was on the shit bucket†¦toilet, got guts ache. Impatient and persistent- will not give up on seeing Mr Neville. Says what he thinks –‘You know one thing about Fremantle gaol even some of them screws are polite- not like this place. Native protector  couldn’t protect my dog from fleas. Neville- Racist Believes aboriginals do not and should not have the same power and allowances as white people. Ignorant and Disrespectful: Munday let me give you some advice sugar catches more flies then vinegar. Although reats white people with respect. E.g. Miss Dunn Gran and Jimmy: These are the two characters evolve in the passage through their actions and behaviour . Gran becomes a more noble character and appears benevolent in relation to her family. The Aboriginal family and particularly gran are shown to have extremely strong bonds and care about each other deeply, this is even more noticeable when compared to the indifference of the white chracters This contrasted to jimmy’s behaviour of false sincerity and respect for the white individuals reaffirms gran’s intelligence of character. She delveopes and becomes more of a realistic character who’s clearly has her best family’s interest at heart.

Ska Music essays

Ska Music essays Music is one medium through which a generation can express itself. For a generation of suppressed, restless, working-class youths living in early 1960's Jamaica, this voice was a genre of music known as ska. Since its original appearance, ska has resurfaced twice. Ska music has been presented to three generations of fans in three separate "waves." Its humble beginnings lead to one of the most influential styles of music present in the world. By 1962, Jamaica was no longer under British rule. Jamaican culture and music began to reflect the new found optimism in its independence. Since the early 1940's, Jamaica had adopted and adapted many forms of American musical styles. The predominantly black inhabitants of Jamaica took a liking to rhythm and blues music , and with imported American records, "enterprising businessmen attempted to string up small sound systems consisting of radio, turntable, and independent speaker boxes". These portable sound systems provided entertainment at dance halls. Owners of different sound systems competed against each other at the halls. The sound systems were run by two individuals, the deejay and the selector, dressed in "spangled waistcoats, black leather Dracula capes, imitation ermine robes, Lone Ranger masks, and rhinestone-studded crowns" . The deejay job was to introduce each record and to enhance the rhythm of the music! by chanting along with the record. Selectors chose records and used the controls to increase or decrease bass, treble, or volume. Musicians picked up on the elements of the rhythm and blues and combined it with traditional Jamaican mento music. The result was the first wave of ska. Musically, ska is "a shuffle-rhythm close to mento but even closer to the backbeat of the r&b, with the accent on the second and fourth beats, often moving in a 12-bar blues-frame. The afterbeat, strummed by a rhythm guitar or played on the piano . . . came to be charac...

102LON_Week_Presentation_-_Formative_Feedback_Form Essays

102LON_Week_3_Presentation_-_Formative_Feedback_Form Essays NOTE TO ALL STUDENTS: Please use the information above to review & improve your future group work. 102LON Week 3 Presentation Peer Assessed Formative Feedback Student Name & Id 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. DATE: During the presentation the group provided evidence of (please tick): Excellent Good Average Poor Not evidenced Overview of how group members view their emotions Evidence of understanding what emotional intelligence is Evidence of personal development and reflection on emotional intelligence & the importance of it to organisations Evidence of independent research/work carried out towards the presentation Evidence of personal learning and personal development planning for the presentation (confidence during delivery) Students overall presentation/communication skills/ability Clarity/coherence of the presentation Overall Comments/Areas for Development: NOTE TO ALL STUDENTS: Please use the information above to review & improve your future group work. Please use this separate page for additional comments.

Abraham Lincoln Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Abraham Lincoln - Essay Example . . ."1 In the following paper I would like to discuss Abraham Lincolns policies during the civil war. The discussion will be structured in the way that will shape Presidents motives in actual conducting the war and mostly pointed into defining whether the reasons were to abolish slavery or receive economic benefit. Faced with heavy Union losses and the destructive nature of the war, Abraham Lincoln, an antislavery proponent, gradually adopted slave emancipation as the most prudent means of ending the conflict between North and South, bringing an end to the war, and thus paving the way to a reunited nation. Lincolns role in the destruction of the institution of slavery during the Civil War and afterward is widely accpeted to be the reason of Civil War as the institution of slavery, so instrumental in dividing the nation, provided Linocoln with an effective tool for ending the conflict. Slowly, at a pace too deliberate for most blacks and many Republicans, Linocoln gradually approached emancipation through the Confiscation Acts, compensation plans, and the Emancipation Proclamation (Abbott, 1968). None of these plans provided for immediate or full emancipation. Even the much-touted Emancipation Proclamation excluded slaves in all the border states and in Confederate areas controlled by the Union as of January 1, 1863, offering freedom only to those slaves living in Confederate strongholds--the very areas in which Linocoln could not enforce his proclamation. At best, the Emancipation Proclamation opened the door to freedom, but it left millions still enslaved. Even when war seemed inescapable, Lincoln remained the premier politician and chief adherent to the Constitution regarding the slavery issue; but observers thousands of miles away lacked his keen understanding of these domestic political and legal realities and began to ponder the

Managing for the Future Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Managing for the Future - Essay Example Some of the major objectives of the company are to provide growth and opportunities to employees, fulfilling the shareholder’s expectations and creating shareholder’s value. (PepsiCo, 2013c). The vision of the company is to translate the mission and objectives through the development of social, environmental and economical development programmes (PepsiCo, 2013c). The values and philosophy of Pepsi signifies its responsibility towards societal and community needs (PepsiCo, 2013e). The main objective of the company is to attain the financial and business goals with a positive impact on the society (PepsiCo, 2013o).The company has expanded into several segments and regions by acquiring several business units and companies like Tropicana, Pepsi Bottling Group and Pepsi Americas in the year 2007 and 2009 respectively (PepsiCo, 2013f). 1 (a) Environmental Issues Environmental issues have been a cause of huge concern for the society, government and the companies. The major cau se of the environmental degradation has been the impact of the business activities and process. The alterations in the biodiversity have interacted in the most complex ways with the environment. The environmental issues in developed and developing countries have propelled the demand for restructuring the environmental reform. Environmental issues have become a growing concern for the government of varied nations and have compelled them to create knowledge of environmental imperatives, rules and regulations. The government of varied nations especially of the developing nations are trying to manage the situational crisis by developing measures of protection for the environment. Environment protection measures by the government have helped in creating awareness among the societal members and led to reduction of economic stress. The fundamental problems of environmental degradation could be solved with the aid of the multinational corporations. The aid of multinational corporations is r equired for the reduction in the carbon emissions and toxic elements (Chukwuma, 2000).The government of varied nations and the world health organizations have created several strict measures for the multinational corporations to abide by. The various environmental issues developed by Pepsi during the tenure 2007 to 2013 would be as follows: Year Environmental issues & Sustainability Technology 2007 The management had developed a programme which was known as human sustainability. The goal of this programme was to develop food products which were healthy and nourishing for customers. The company had taken measures of reducing the water and energy consumption per unit by 20 percent (PepsiCo, 2013m). The goals of the programme were also to decrease fuel consumption by 25 percent. The company had reused the water from processing methods to provide communities access to clean water. The company was included in the Dow and Jones Sustainability Index in North America (PepsiCo, 2013h). The c ompany was successful in developing successful technological transformation initiatives. It was also successful in implementing techniques in PCA, Tropicana and Quaker oats for enhancing the product development process. A ground work was laid to convert the financial process, contracts, and other projects into SAP technology (PepsiCo, 2013h). 2008 The company had t

Managament. Social Technology and Why Most Changes Fail Article

Managament. Social Technology and Why Most Changes Fail - Article Example Social media is use of sites such as face book, twitter and you tube to upload videos, photos and documents and then sharing them with the world. It can thus be used by companies to sell their products and services by uploading graphical images of their products or describe a wide range of product that they offer. Using the social media to advertise goods and services is cheap because a company needs to create one website and then post its content in it. It then links this site with the social media sites such as Facebook and twitter (Maidment, 2012). The advertisement appears in the social media and the company is guaranteed that many social media users will view them. In this manner, the company is able to do quick, cheap and wide coverage of marketing its products. The owners of these social media have recently seen the growth in the number of advertisements, for example, in January 2013 the advertisements on You Tube got four billion views per day. This is a kind of business marketing that organisations cannot ignore. This is because they are often not affected by traffic of advertisers and raise the reputation of a company faster. In addition, this kind of marketing has a parameter for measuring performance because the social media platform records the number of people who have viewed that advertisement (Maidment, 2012). Therefore, organisations that do not take advantage of this cheap advertising will be lagging behind in competing for clients. The power of social media marketing lies in being creative in the way the content of the website is designed. Depending on the company, attractive content should be used and that makes users come back to the same site. For example, in case of a financial services company, it can use a PowerPoint that displays step by step financial literacy to young people (Maidment, 2012). CRITIQUE The well-known social sites are Facebook, twitter and YouTube. Face book alone has over four billion users in the world. This social site was designed in such a manner that it can accommodate both social and commercial services (Maidment, 2012). The social services are sharing photos, videos and documents with the people one wishes. These sites also allow users to make online friends with no limitation of the number of friends. This means that one friend connects with another and in so doing; Facebook connects all its users through one platform. The art of marketing depends on making both formal and informal networks through which information about products and services is shared. Informal networks of marketing involve using close relatives to spread the marketing information about a product or service. It is often not very effective because of the few people who are reached. Formal networks of marke ting involves use of exhibitions, corporate marketing and other professional related networks to market a product (Maidment, 2012). The effectiveness of any marketing strategy depends on how it is cheap, accessible, and easy to use or convince customers to buy the product being offered (Maidment, 2012). A marketing strategy is also economical to the company if it can be sustained by the economic resources of that company for a long time and shows signs of giving back good returns. In addition, it has to reach a large number of people and be effective in convincing clients to buy the products or services offered. The strategy should also aim to target the right customers in terms of their needs, age and their economic wellbeing. Social media is an example of a tool that meets the requirements of a cheap, effective, and easily accessible advertising and marketing strategy. This is because of the large and diverse number of users that are currently using the social media. It is

Developing A Performance Appraisal System Essay Example for Free

Developing A Performance Appraisal System Essay All organizations utilize some sort of system that periodically reviews the performance of every staff member. As the director of human resources, you are responsible for developing such a system. Write a 750- to 1,050-word paper in APA format that details an original performance appraisal system for a human service organization. Address the following: Determine the elements that should be present in an appraisal system. What is the purpose of a performance appraisal system and how does it benefit the organization? Outline the elements of good appraisal systems. Determine the criteria for each element that should be present in an appraisal system. Cite at least two sources. Determine the elements that should be present in an appraisal system The elements that should be present in an appraisal system are thorough goal-setting process, which decide what you want from employees and agree these objectives with them. The key component of the people element is the manager, who give your employees the tools, resources and training they need to perform well. The manager drives the system by setting expectations, communicating plans, encouraging development, and giving and receiving feedback. Carrying out the appraisal allow managers to monitor and assess employees performance, discuss those assessments with them and agree on future objectives .It also identifies employees developmental needs and includes robust reward and recognition practices. Consider pay awards and/or promotion based on the appraisal and decides how to tackle poor performance. However, there can be dangers as well as benefits of linking rewards to performance. What is the purpose of a performance appraisal system and how does it benefit the organization? The purpose of a performance appraisal system is the two basic systems operating in conjunction: an evaluation system and a feedback system. The main goal of the evaluation system is to recognize the performance  gap (if any). This gap is the deficit that occurs when performance does not meet the standard set by the organization as adequate. The central aim of the feedback system is to notify the employee about the quality of his or her performance. Nonetheless, the information flow is not entirely one way. The appraisers also receive feedback from the employee about job problems, etc.) One of the best ways to appreciate the purposes of performance appraisal is to look at it from the different viewpoints of the main stakeholders: the employee and the organization. Outline the elements of good appraisal systems 1. Measurement vs. Management the performance measurement aspect of the performance appraisal system is a useful tool for measuring current productivity levels and determining the gap between those current levels and desired productivity levels. 2. Employee Input Employee input is a vital element of the effective performance appraisal system. It is essential for supervisors and managers to include the employee in the performance management process to ensure that the employee feels a sense of engagement in the process. 3. Clarification of Expectations Before a manager or supervisor can expect an employee to meet expectations, it is essential to ensure that the employees perception of what is expected is in alignment with the managers perceptions 4. Employee Development Perhaps the most essential element of an effective performance appraisal system is employee development. While the performance appraisal itself may identify areas where improvement is necessary, the employee development portion of the overall performance management system is used to determine the best way to bring this improvement to fruition. Determine the criteria for each element that should be present in an appraisal system There are four key elements in a good performance and appraisal system: Set objectives decide what you want from employees and agree these objectives with them. [ If appropriate, set timescales for  achieving them. – Manage performance give your employees the tools, resources and training they need to perform well. If appropriate, set timescales for achieving objectives. – Carry out the appraisal monitor and assess your employees performance, discuss those assessments with them and agree on future objectives. Provide rewards/remedies consider pay awards and/or promotion based on the appraisal and decide how to tackle poor performance. However, there can be dangers as well as benefits of linking rewards to performance.

Analysis of Mark Twain Quotes :: essays research papers

Ditching school, swimming in the Mississippi, and fantasizing all sounds fun. In reality this sounds impossible, but in Mark Twain’s world it was all real, not imaginative. Although Mark Twain was not well educated, he was one of the greatest and most influential writers of his time. Mark Twain was neither a thinker nor a philosopher. He was just a sensitive and a humorous person. Mark Twain expressed a lot of his opinions through quotes in the books that he wrote. I will be taking an in-depth look into the saying, â€Å"Age is an issue of mind over matter. If you don’t mind, it doesn’t matter.† I will also be analyzing the quote, â€Å"It is easier to stay out than get out.† Samuel Clemens once said, â€Å"Age is an issue of mind over matter. If you don’t mind, it doesn’t matter.† This quote obviously has something to do with age. My interpretation of this quote is that if one does not focus on his age and beauty, then everything will run smoothly in life. It also says that aging pertains to everyone and no one can escape it. If one does not think of aging, then life would be so much healthier and happier. Mark Twain said this because it pertains to everybody in the common issue of aging. This quote is still pertinent in today’s society because a lot of people think of aging as either a good or a bad thing and it helps people to understand that aging and the outcome of the wrinkly physical appearance is common with those of their own peers. In Pudd’nhead Wilson, a book written by Mark Twain, Twain quotes that, â€Å"It is easier to stay out than get out.† This quote basically means that it is easier to stay out of things than trying to get out of the mess unaffected. Mark Twain wrote this because it is true in society in whatever we might do, that it is easier to stay out than get out. This quote is still pertinent in society today. Addiction to drugs or cigarettes can be a perfect example of how this quote speaks for itself. The war in Iraq is also a major issue that has perfect ties to this quote because America is providing the Constitution for Iraq, and the American soldiers have to be stationed in Iraq a little longer because of the new government that the Americans created.

Light and Dark Imagery Depicted in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay

The natural order of the world is disrupted; this is made obvious from the start of the play. Even though they generally speak in riddle, the three witches are significant characters because of their foresight and knowledge of future atmosphere. ‘Fair is foul and foul is fair.’ ~Act 1, Scene 1~ Because this chant is towards the beginning of the play, the audience immediately see the supernatural control over things. Throughout the play of Macbeth the audience is made aware of the differences in dark and light. This could be seen as being metaphorical for many other binary oppositions one of which being good and evil. This example supports the power of the witches, representing evil and the dark. Another scene that shows Macbeth is a play of light and dark is act 1 scene 4 Macbeth whispers to himself. ‘Stars; hide your fires / let not light see my black and deep desires’ ~Act 1, Scene 4~ The dark is seen as a mask that can disguise and hide, this is foreshadowed when King Duncan at the announcement of his successor says; ‘but signs of nobleness, like stars, shall s...

My First School Memories

My first memory of school is the first day of primary school. It is my first day without the toys and a dress with a nice style. Primary school was far larger than my small kindergarten had been. It was a nice day, with hope and happiness and a lot of fun. I pretended to be a good kid, sitting on my seat carefully. Listening to the teacher, a kind beautiful woman called Miss Zhou talking softly to us.I observed the small tables and the small chairs change into the desks, without the colors; the piano in the classroom had disappeared, the big screen and the computer is in the front of the classroom. Suddenly, a girl with a Snow White style dress was pushed into the classroom, crying loudly, by her grandparents, and made the classroom’s serious mood become funny. The teacher gave us a card with our name and gave us some stickers for the prices. I thought, †It is just like our kindergarten. † Then, the teacher brought us to look around the school.  Like read about m emories? Read also  Flashbulb memory!It was an interesting trip, though it’s was tiring. The feeling of the new place and new life is the most valuable thing. Though lunch began later than the kindergarteners’, and there was no teacher to give us rice and soup, the lunch was still delightful. We can have an adventure in the school after lunch, though at that time we were not familiar with each other, but we still played happily and found some interesting places like the small garden to hide behind the teaching building and the sandy land beside the bike shed.I remember Angle saying that the small shells in the sand were put there by her. We had lessons in the afternoon; the textbooks were new, not like the old fairy tales books on the shelf in kindergarten. With the smiles and laughs, we left our school. This is my first school memory, it is full of new things and happiness, when I think about my first day in school, I feel that day is one of the most interesting thi ngs happened in my life.

What a Certain Visionary Once Said by Tomson Hemingway

What a Certain Visionary Once Said by Tomson Hemingway Introduction The essay, What a Certain Visionary Once Said, by Tomson Hemingway is an attempt by the author to relay his feelings over what he perceives as a loss of connection to the natural world by present day society due to its constant quest for modernization. He does this by relaying visions of flat prairies, unspoiled forests, vast untouched landscapes and a certain wildness to the surrounding areas that Hemingway indicates is a scene few people appreciate today. Advertising We will write a custom article sample on What a Certain Visionary Once Said by Tomson Hemingway specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is in contrast to the brick, mortar and asphalt scenery people are used to that has become synonymous with a modern day existence. In fact it can be seen in the essay that Hemingway indirectly criticizes the modern day lifestyle of mankind by indicating that the waters far from civilization are purer and cleaner and thus safe to drink without any worries. What must be understood is that most rivers that go through various cities and population centers in the world today such as the Yangtze River in China, the Ganges in India, and the Pasig River in the Philippines are polluted and unsafe for human consumption. This is a direct result of modern day industrialization and as such most people today are rather reluctant to drink from water sources that are not from a bottle or untreated from a faucet. Contrasting Nature and Modern Lifestyles Hemingway indicates that in places far from todays population centers there is a certain beauty and purity to the area where a person can sit back, relax and absorb the sounds and sights of nature. This view is in direct contrast to the rapid and fast paced lifestyles most people experience wherein speed and efficiency take precedent over slow meaningful appreciation. From start to finish the essay is a way in which a person can contrast their modern day lifestyle with the visions of pure wilderness that Hemingway is attempting to relay. In fact it can even be assumed that what Hemingway is attempting to accomplish in this essay is that he wants people to question whether the modern lifestyles they are enjoying at the present is truly worth what they lost in terms of their connection to nature and an appreciation for its unique wonders. Towards the end of the essay the author mentions that not only does the Earth have an emotional, psychological and spiritual life but it is not really ours in the first place. One interpretation of this is the belief of the author that the entire planet is a living, breathing entity that is not ours to bend to our will but rather for us to appreciate, examine and enjoy the natural wonders it has. Conclusion In conclusion it can be said that the entire essay is a form of critique against modern day lifestyles where the author uses examples drawn from nature in order to show the difference between what was lost and what was gained. Overall the essay was a fantastic piece of literary work and speaks volumes of how as a species we have lost our connection to nature and that in itself is a great tragedy.Advertising Looking for article on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

Free Essays on Purpose Of Internet

The question that will be addressed in this essay is, â€Å"What is the purpose of a network?†. To establish the purpose of a network, one must know what how a network is defined. â€Å"A network is a collection of computers and devices connected together via communications devices and media† (Shelly, Cashman, and Vermaat, 2002). A good example of a network would be the Internet. Many computers and communication devices can connect to this immense network to access all types of information or to converse with network users. One purpose of a network is give access to many users to share a single program. For example, instead of a small company buying many copies of a program such as Microsoft Works, a network would enable a single program copy to be shared by all computers and their users on the network. The network saves the users large amounts of money that they can use to buy more programs to share within their network. The Internet itself shows us what the pu rpose of network is. Networks are here to aid us in areas of work and research. We can go on the internet and look up books to order in libraries or find articles relating to a research project one could be working on. In conclusion the purpose of a network is to connect computers together to share information and programs from schools to businesses around the country. It aids users in their communication, research, work and use of resources. A network is here to help us to improve our use of the computer and its programs... Free Essays on Purpose Of Internet Free Essays on Purpose Of Internet The question that will be addressed in this essay is, â€Å"What is the purpose of a network?†. To establish the purpose of a network, one must know what how a network is defined. â€Å"A network is a collection of computers and devices connected together via communications devices and media† (Shelly, Cashman, and Vermaat, 2002). A good example of a network would be the Internet. Many computers and communication devices can connect to this immense network to access all types of information or to converse with network users. One purpose of a network is give access to many users to share a single program. For example, instead of a small company buying many copies of a program such as Microsoft Works, a network would enable a single program copy to be shared by all computers and their users on the network. The network saves the users large amounts of money that they can use to buy more programs to share within their network. The Internet itself shows us what the pu rpose of network is. Networks are here to aid us in areas of work and research. We can go on the internet and look up books to order in libraries or find articles relating to a research project one could be working on. In conclusion the purpose of a network is to connect computers together to share information and programs from schools to businesses around the country. It aids users in their communication, research, work and use of resources. A network is here to help us to improve our use of the computer and its programs...

Free Essays on Philosophy Of Adult Education

My Philosophy of Adult Education For the ancient Greeks, philosophy was â€Å"the search for what is truly real in a world of appearances (Elias and Merriam 2).† Another definition offered by Elias and Merriam is, â€Å"Philosophy is interested in the general principles of any phenonmenon, object, process, or subject matter (3).† If this is true of philosophy in general, than the philosoper of adult education would be interested in the underlying principles and overall process of education. Philosophy of adult education is different from traditional education because the needs and interests of adult learners are different from traditional students. And with any philosophy, if results are wanted, it must be accompanied with action. The reason that I am writing this paper today is to discuss what my philosophy of education is after reviewing Elias and Merriam’s six phiolosopies of adult education. Of the philosophies; liberal, progressive, behaviorist, humanistic, radical, and analyitic, I believe that my personal choice would be a combination of the behaviorist and humanistic philosophies. Just as any ideas that have been around for so many years, good points and qualities can be found in all of the adult educational philosophies. For example, who can argue with the many traditions passed down with liberal education. No matter what our personal philosophy is, we will never be void of some of these foundations and practices. The same goes for the progressive philosophy; who would ever make changes unless society moved forward and new means were needed to reach the same goals? In analytic philosophy we can admire the amount of thought and complexity used to come back to out basic underlying beliefs, and no one can argue with the emphasis on literacy in the radical philosophy. However, in part because of the education I have recievd, and in part because of my life experiences, the behaviorist and humanist philosophies make ... Free Essays on Philosophy Of Adult Education Free Essays on Philosophy Of Adult Education My Philosophy of Adult Education For the ancient Greeks, philosophy was â€Å"the search for what is truly real in a world of appearances (Elias and Merriam 2).† Another definition offered by Elias and Merriam is, â€Å"Philosophy is interested in the general principles of any phenonmenon, object, process, or subject matter (3).† If this is true of philosophy in general, than the philosoper of adult education would be interested in the underlying principles and overall process of education. Philosophy of adult education is different from traditional education because the needs and interests of adult learners are different from traditional students. And with any philosophy, if results are wanted, it must be accompanied with action. The reason that I am writing this paper today is to discuss what my philosophy of education is after reviewing Elias and Merriam’s six phiolosopies of adult education. Of the philosophies; liberal, progressive, behaviorist, humanistic, radical, and analyitic, I believe that my personal choice would be a combination of the behaviorist and humanistic philosophies. Just as any ideas that have been around for so many years, good points and qualities can be found in all of the adult educational philosophies. For example, who can argue with the many traditions passed down with liberal education. No matter what our personal philosophy is, we will never be void of some of these foundations and practices. The same goes for the progressive philosophy; who would ever make changes unless society moved forward and new means were needed to reach the same goals? In analytic philosophy we can admire the amount of thought and complexity used to come back to out basic underlying beliefs, and no one can argue with the emphasis on literacy in the radical philosophy. However, in part because of the education I have recievd, and in part because of my life experiences, the behaviorist and humanist philosophies make ...